No 4 (2025)
- Year: 2025
- Published: 29.12.2025
- Articles: 4
- URL: https://vektornaukipravo.ru/jour/issue/view/49
Full Issue
The crime scene training facility as an educational and training platform for the implementation of current trends in teaching forensic science at higher education institutions
Abstract
The paper studies the development of a practice-oriented approach to teaching forensic science. To the author’s opinion, organizing crime scene training facilities at law schools plays a central role in this process. The objective of this study is to create a crime scene training facility at a legal institution as an educational and training platform for improving the quality of practical training of students by creating conditions as close as possible to the professional activities of investigators, forensic experts, and other law enforcement specialists. The paper describes current trends in forensic science and summarizes the successful experience of implementing practice-oriented training through the creation of a crime scene training facility at the Institute of Law of Togliatti State University. The training platform described in the paper contains several model locations and involves organizing student’s work in a number of variable scenarios. It is aimed at developing sustainable practical skills from documenting the circumstances of a crime scene to developing investigative leads and using specialized forensic equipment in simulated situations. Working in a real crime scene facility is intended to foster in students an understanding of the importance of conducting “the here and now” forensic work to avoid irreparable loss of evidence. The study demonstrates the significance of combining theoretical training with practical exercises in a crime scene facility. This approach allows future lawyers both to master key forensic categories and to understand the relationship between forensic characteristics, the subject of evidence, and the elements of a crime, which is essential for successful law enforcement. The paper is intended for forensic science instructors and is of an applied nature.
5-16
Problems with the application of civil law measures of operative influence on a contractual counterparty
Abstract
The legal regulation of measures of operative influence enshrined in the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, both in their general form for all contractual obligations (Articles 328, 359, 397, 450.1) and in the special norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for certain types of contracts, is not flawless. Certain provisions of these norms remain unresolved and raise specific questions, which have become the subject of this research. Using the formal legal method, systems approach, and comparative analysis, the author aims to identify and demonstrate specific current problems in applying measures of operative influence used by parties to a civil law contract. The analysis of the provisions of Article 397 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation highlights the problem of practical implementation of the legislator’s intended scheme for substituting one contractual party with another, when the creditor and the third party are forced to act within statutory constraints, adhering to requirements of a reasonable timeframe and a reasonable price. This creates significant obstacles for the creditor in finding a third party willing to accept such limitations. The author believes that the application of this measure is quite suitable for cases of improper performance of an obligation, although the provisions of Article 397 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation do not explicitly state this. The study of the provisions of Article 328 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation revealed a problem in interpreting the very wording “to suspend performance”, which implies performance already commenced by the creditor but does not indicate the possibility of its application in the format of “not to commence performance”. The author considers such a format possible, as well as its application in case of a delay in performance by the debtor, foreseen by the creditor (paragraph 2, clause 2, Article 328 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The study of the provisions of Article 359 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation points to the problem of establishing different legal regimes for applying a measure of influence on the debtor depending on the nature of the obligation. The author believes the legislator’s approach is not entirely justified. The study of Article 450.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation identifies a problem related to such a primary measure of influence as a warning to the counterparty about a possible repudiation of a contract. This measure is deemed more suitable for the parties than a completed refusal without the intent to preserve the contract.
17-27
Uniform terminology for unmanned aerial vehicles: their concept and legal regulation
Abstract
The field of legal regulation for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) lacks a unified terminology, and the prevailing trend is either to replace the term “unmanned aerial vehicle” or to abandon it altogether. In the absence of a specific law exclusively governing UAVs, the current legal framework contains a number of gaps and contradictions that complicate law enforcement. Specifically, there is no clear definition of the concept “unmanned aerial vehicle” and criteria distinguishing it from other types of aircraft. Furthermore, establishment of a legal regime for UAVs is impossible without developing a stable, precise set of terms for regulating relations associated with the use of unmanned vehicles. The purpose of this study is to conduct a scientific and legal analysis of existing terminology concerning unmanned aerial vehicles and to formulate a general concept of UAVs that could be consistently implemented into the legislation of the Russian Federation. The paper, firstly, reviews scientific and theoretical approaches to defining the concept of UAVs, where this category is understood as airplanes, artificial mobile objects, and aircraft. Secondly, a regulatory legal analysis of the UAV concept allowed concluding that the domestic legislator uses terms like UAV and UAS (unmanned aircraft system) as equivalent in some cases, while in others, UAV is understood as a broader category, including aircraft and other aerial vehicles. The authors believe that the term UAV should be applied correctly only to the field of aircraft. Thirdly, a definition of a UAV is formulated as a vehicle supported in the atmosphere by interaction with air, controlled and managed in flight either automatically or remotely by an external pilot.
29-36
Taxation of income from international transportation in the Russian Federation: collisions of Article 309 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, judicial practice, and legislative perspectives
Abstract
This paper analyzes the legal collisions within Article 309 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (RF TC), which governs the taxation of income from international transportation, as well as the issues concerning income sourcing and double taxation avoidance agreements. The research investigates conflicts between the provisions of the RF TC and international agreements. After the suspension of double taxation avoidance agreements with “unfriendly” countries, income from international transportation began to be taxed in Russia under the general rules of the RF TC, which increased the tax burden on foreign carriers and heightened the risks of tax disputes. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of recent (2023–2025) judicial practice, which demonstrates a trend towards stricter taxation of income of foreign carriers and an evolution in the interpretation of Article 309 of the RF TC. The analysis reveals a contradiction between clauses 1 and 2 of Article 309 of the RF TC, leading to uncertainty in the taxation of income of foreign carriers. It is shown that courts and tax authorities interpret these provisions differently, creating risks of double taxation and tax disputes. The study considers prospects for legislative changes, including draft federal law No. 1026190-8, aimed at eliminating the broad interpretation of preferential norms. Using comparative legal, formal legal and systemic methods, the authors propose pathways to resolve the identified legal collisions to ensure compliance with the principle of the economic basis of taxation. It is substantiated that the current system for taxing international transportation income requires adjustments at both the legislative and judicial practice levels.
37-44