STATE, LAW, AND SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE VIEWS OF THEORETICIANS OF RUSSIAN ANARCHISM OF THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

The issue of self-government and its role in the state is addressed in all political theories, concepts, and doctrines starting from the extreme antiquity and is important nowadays as well. The author of this paper carries out the analysis of the views of Russian anarchism originators M.A. Bakunin and P.A. Kropotkin on the role of the state and self-governing communes that were followed by the anarcho-syndicalism representative D. Novomirsky. The paper contains the problematic-chronological analysis of the literature covering this problem. The author indicates not adequately investigated spheres concerning the study of regulators of social relations in a nonstate community of anarchists. The paper reveals the sources of the negation of state and law by the anarchism theoreticians who proved that the existence of a state was caused by the necessity of legal and powerful defense of the property. It is noted that the works of M.A. Bakunin do not demonstrate a clear image of the future arrangement of the society, but only a rough description of the uniting from top to bottom of self-governing communes. The paper reveals the development of these ideas in the works of P.A. Kropotkin who gave the detailed description of the anarchistic community and the attitude of self-governing communes to the asocial elements as to ill people who however have the right to life. The community of anarchists should not have fear to be punished. The paper considers the evolution of the ideas of nonstate arrangement under the influence of the development of industry and the growth of working class that caused the formation of such its variant as the anarcho-syndicalism. The author notes the specificity of the views of this trend in anarchism on the problem of creation of self-governing communes, writes about a new vision of the community arrangement caused by trade unions and their role in the industrial management. The exaggeration of awareness and voluntariness in observing the regulations of the interpersonal relations and attitude toward labor is highlighted. The author determines the importance of mutual agreements based on the equity as well as the arbitration court and coordinating authorities. It is specified that the main principle in the communes’ activity is the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of other communes.